On October 13, 1983, Bob Barnett, former president of Ameritech Mobile Communications placed the first commercial wireless call on a DynaTAC from inside a Chrysler convertible to the grandson of Alexander Graham Bell who was in Germany at the time. The call, made at Soldier Field in Chicago, is considered by many as a major turning point in communications.

Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola led a team that produced the DynaTAC. Martin Cooper is widely credited for making the first private handheld mobile phone call in history.

Motorola DynaTAC 8000X is the first cell phone small enough to be easily carried. It was actually an abbreviation of Dynamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage. DynaTAC had only 30 minutes of talk time, could go a full eight hours between charges, weighing nearly two pounds, was 13 x 1.75 x 3.5 inches in dimension, boasted eight hours of standby time, took 10 hours to recharge, featured an LED display and memory to store thirty dialing locations. The price was some USD 3,995!

From the ‘brick’ phone of the 80’s, to today’s 3G broadband world, wireless has evolved from mere voice communication to a new era of data transmission and democratizing communications that are transforming our commerce and culture along the way.

According to AT&T, the first mobile telephone call was made on June 17, 1946 by a driver in St. Louis, by pulling out a handset from under his car’s dashboard. The team had worked for more than a decade to achieve this. By 1948, wireless telephone service was available in almost 100 cities and highway corridors in the USA. Customers included utilities, truck fleet operators and reporters. The service had only 5,000 customers making 30,000 weekly calls.

There are now more than 262 million wireless subscribers in the United States – 83 percent of the total U.S. population – and 3.3 billion active cell phones worldwide, making it one of the fastest global dispersions of any technology in history.

Teens and Mobile

Today’s teens will largely drive the next wave of innovation of the cell phone. According to the CTIA- Harris Interactive “Teenagers: A Generation Unplugged” online survey released in September 2008, teens envision future wireless devices that better fit their lifestyle. Teens also have set high goals for the mobile industry and are looking to mobility to fundamentally reshape the future. Among their preferences, they want phones to guarantee secured data access to the user only (80 percent), provide accessibility to personal health records (66 percent), present opportunities to be educated anywhere in the world (66 percent) and bring users closer to global issues impacting their world (63 percent).

Mobile devices in the future will be more flexible and have more sophisticated features, the interaction between the device and the user will be even more personal and interactive, and ultra-fast mobile data service will pave the way for even more fantastic and useful applications.

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Cheaper phones and calls, together with poor landlines infrastructure, has led to a huge uptake in demand in India, China and South America.

China has 600 million and India has 296 million subscribers.

Acording to the study, growth in India is huge, in August alone 19 million users were added. Africa will also be a phenomenal market, because of poor fixed-line infrastructure 60 percent of users first access to telecommunications will be through mobile phones.

Europe has been at saturation point since 2003 as everyone who wants a phone has already got one.

Mobile broadband is also taking off in developing countries, with several countries in south-east Asia having already launched 3G networks, which are set to bring in tens of million more subscribes in the next few years. [source]

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TringMe’s mobile client enables you to make cheap or free worldwide calls. You can also send worldwide SMS for very low rates. If you are making a call and the call is received on a device that isn’t a phone registered over a carrier’s network, it is free.

TringMe offers various products such as

• TringPhone – Fully web-based SIP phone accessible from the browser
• Push-N-Talk – Wwidget for webpages.
• GoogleTalk Telephony – Use Google Talk to make and receive calls.
• MobileVoIP – Uses data networks (WiFi, 2.5G/3G, GPRS) to make and receive calls, send and receive messages.
• SMS Based Telephony – Enable VoIP on a cheap low-end mobile phone capable of sending SMS.
• Click2Call Telephony – Use the web to activate a call but use your phone to actually carry out the conversation.
• Voicemail – Leave voicemail easily throughout the world. Retrieve them via the web or get notified by email.

TringPhone is a fully web-based SIP phone enabling you to make calls from the browser. You can call a TringPhone user with their email address or phone number. You can access the TringPhone application from any flash-enabled Browser.

TringMe provides Push-N-Talk Widgets which can be integrated with any website. Anyone clicking on the Widget can leave a voicemail or talk to you directly. If you are using TringMe voicemail widget and you have routed the voicemails to a phone (landline or cell), you will receive a call from TringMe as soon as someone leaves a voicemail for you. If you have configured the profile setting to send the voicemails to Gtalk, then a call from TringMe will be made to your Gtalk IM. You will also get an e-mail notification of your voicemails. You voicemails will also be available on TringMe website for playing back.

Using the IM Telephony – Gtalk, You can make and receive calls, voicemails, and send SMS.

TringMe’s MobileVoIP client uses the data networks such as WiFi, 2.5G/3G, GPRS cellular data networks to make and receive calls. Download the client, login with the same TringMe credentials, select a network and start using MobileVoIP.

SMS Based Telephony from TringMe provides ability to make worldwide (VoIP) calls using SMS. You can even schedule calls to be initiated at a later time.

Click2Call Telephony is a simple way to activate the call from web but use a phone to carry out the conversation. In Click2Call, you use the web to activate a call by specifying the source and destination number. The system then calls you back on the number you specified and connects you to the destination party. The call in this case is happening over a phone and not a PC.

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Skype is a cleverly built VOIP communication software. The VOIP calls are heavily encrypted using 256-bit encryption. Skype technology is easily available through an Internet ready computer or mobile Internet devices. With the fast growing mobile market, secure communication is very easy, even for the Taliban. Here you can see that technology at the same time is good and evil, just like the atomic reactors and atom bomb example.

Taliban had been earlier using satellite phones, which could now be tracked and located by western forces.

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The PIN code system, which is static and each post office has a unique number, is not compatible with the Hub and Spokes Distribution. The PAL system is geographical location-specific.

In the new PAL code system, a unique code has to be allotted to each geographical location including village, town, locality, building, street, road, zone and city. The district is the basic unit of PAL. The PAL assigns a unique four-digit number (first part of the eight-digit code) to each of the 600 administrative districts in India.

The eight digits in PAL are arranged in a logical sequence. The first digit in the first part of the code stands for the Zone; the second digit stands for the State in that zone; and the third and fourth for the district.

In the second part, the first digit stands for one of the five important cities in that particular district (1 to 5). If this digit is one of the numbers from 6 to 9, it denotes that the address is in a rural area. The last three digits are the village code.

The nation has been divided into eight zones: north India (1), west India (2), east India (3), south India (4), central India (6), northeast India (7); the numbers 5 and 9 have been allotted to the defense services. Each of the 28 States and seven Union Territories will have a two-digit number indicating its respective zone.

Kerala’s code 43 indicates that it is State No. 3 in Zone No. 4 (South Zone). The south zone consists of Andhra Pradesh (41), Karnataka (42), Kerala (43), Tamil Nadu (44), Puducherry (45) and Lakshadweep (46).

I really hope that the India Post will be equipped with scanners and barcode to make the seggregation and sorting automated and faster, to keep up with the changing technology and competition from private courier services. With even the remote villages in India getting connected with WiMAX and other internet services, postal service can become the communication and services hub for the rural India.

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I currently work for a large Indian IT services company which follows a ‘role based organization model‘ for human resource management. The term now used in the industry is ‘talent management‘ since that sounds more executive.

I was happy to participate in a recent HR (Human Resources) Department survey on the topic.  I have been wondering what a competitive organization structure for an IT services company is. I expected that the survey questionnaire will help me formulate my thoughts better. My expectation was a little farfetched.

I started my career as a software engineer trainee and have enjoyed career progressions in lesser time than Olympic gaps. The HR folks prefix ‘role’ and I prefer to prefix ‘designation’ to the term progression. Like most peers, I executed higher responsibilities prior to my movement to every new role. I was quite satisfied with self, until one of my best buddies asked me after my latest promotion – ‘Now that you have got this higher role, what do you intend to do differently?’ It was a good question; I literally blinked (did I feel small? yes, a bit). To me every promotion was recognition of my efficient toil for the organization. The urge was always to do my best, prove myself, improvise and impress, but hardly ever to develop myself better, learn better or plan for greater job satisfaction.

Curiosity got me into checking what others (given higher roles before me) did, and do.

• Are the higher level managers farther away from the ground? I think yes, they are, after analyzing a limited canvas in my large company. The higher managers manage ‘larger’ numbers – money and resources.
• What can one do better, on moving from one role to the next? Manage more numbers every time and make sure numbers match, find & fill gaps with reasons narrated by folks on the ground?
• What is our individual contribution?
• How best are we using the technology and the business knowledge gathered (and may/may not have finessed)?
• While I understand that organizations need folks for administration and management, aren’t most large Indian IT companies inappropriately wasting talent in the process?

Say, instead of an impressive 1000+ business or technology specialists with 15-20 years of experience in the industry, haven’t our companies churned out 900+ administrators and few countable specialists? Quite so, as I find from few casual intercompany interactions. Isn’t this one of the reasons why certain big customers prefer niche players than go to the biggies?

In another (larger) IT company, I have heard that they have a Project Administrator for every project of strength more than 50. Project Administrators are graduates (from any stream) with good communication, required computer knowledge and, an understanding of IT projects & organizational policies. They are paid lesser than the Project Managers and they manage statistics, reporting and resource movement. They work across multiple projects – say 50% each for two projects.

The Project Managers here have enough time to dirty their hands and be on the ground. I find this a better model. I would have personally loved to work with a manager – who knows how the work is done and, participates in the work. In my opinion, his capability in the role gets better tested. In this company also a role based model exists but aligning of talent is better, overhead administration costs per project are lesser.

The Project Manager gets to do more than administration. It is easy to delegate and be the ‘spokesperson’ for a team; s/he need not have any involvement in execution. It definitely creates a huge difference and gathers a lot of respect if it is otherwise. The role based organization, in most Indian IT companies, is a good thought which has faltered in execution by the HR department and has not enjoyed the right understanding by the masses.

It is better to create and clearly define an organization model that focuses on developing the “required” talents better in the “required” numbers. This will help Indian companies grow faster in the industry where knowledge & innovation truly matter.

I have been lucky to start my career in a small company with staff strength of less than 100. This has helped me learn the job the hard way thereby giving me a solid foundation. By the nature of their positioning, smaller companies I have found are better and more efficient; overheads cannot be afforded in most cases. There again, while these grow if the top management fails to recognize what to their clients is ‘value for money’, the story may not be different.

This is a guest post by Indu. After being dormant for a while, she is taking a break by writing again. You may read her few published articles at indoosdesk.blogspot.com.

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The Government of India has finalized the the road map for the introduction of Mobile Number Portability (MNP) that will give mobile phone users the freedom to choose their service provider while retaining their numbers. In November 2007, the minister had announced the decision to introduce MNP, and the modalities have now been finalized with suggestions from Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI).

ET reports that this would get implemented by the summer of 2009 in a few circles. The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) will select a few centralized operators, Mobile Number Portability Clearing House Administrator (MCHAs),  to setup Number Portability Database (NPDB), administer and implement the MNP service.

The Number Portability Database will have the mobile numbers of all mobile users. All mobile service providers will then link their networks with that of the MCHAs and NPDB.

Source: ET

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Until now, operators have only been allowed to share passive infrastructure including the towers, shelters, cooling systems, AC and DC power supply, diesel generators, air conditioning, site leases and other electrical and civil works. With the new changes, the operators will be able to share key electronic components such as antennas, feeder cables, nodes, radio access network, transmission systems and backhaul.

This helps operators to start their service in new zones without having to wait for installing their own infrastructure. The new operator can share the active infrastructure with other existing operators. According to TRAI, India requires 330,000 towers by 2010 against 100,000 towers currently, and 500 million subscribers by 2010.

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Microsoft’s Unified Communications and VoIP software include:

• Microsoft Office Communications Server 2007: software that delivers VoIP, video, instant messaging, conferencing and presence within the applications like Microsoft Office system applications.
• Microsoft Office Communicator 2007: client software for phone, instant messaging and video communications that works across the PC, mobile phone and Web browser.
• Microsoft Office Live Meeting: advanced conferencing service that enables workers to conduct meetings, share documents, use video and record discussions from any computer.

As businesses expand their geographical footprint and grow employee strength, we believe a Unified Communications solution will become an integral tool to ensure anytime anywhere access and will significantly impact organizational productivity. Microsoft said its UC solution offers substantial cost savings to customers as it allows businesses to leverage existing IT and Telephony infrastructure, with no need to rip and replace current telephony infrastructure such as EPBAX systems. The company said customers across the world are already reporting dramatic time savings due to more efficient communications and cost savings of 25% to 30% over traditional communications technologies.

Microsoft said its India based development center, MIDC has also played a significant role in developing the latest Unified Communication solution filing over five patents already in the process. More than 100 employees at MIDC have worked towards providing Microsoft’s Instant Messenger over phone. The feature rich Communicator Mobile v2.0 works on all WinMobile Cellphones. The Office Communicator Phone Edition v1.0 is an innovative solution, which allows Present information in the UC-ready phones by partners such as LG-Nortel and Polycom. MIDC has also created some key features in the new video conferencing solution, Live Meeting 2007.

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I spent more than 4 hours and wrote a lengthy email. After careful review I just deleted it, because it was very exhaustive. Next day morning I woke up very fresh and in good mood. I wrote just 2 sentences which actually conveyed more than I had written the other night!

Here is my effort to put together some thoughts on points to be considered while writing serious and sensitive emails. Hope this is useful.

We know that email is a powerful and convenient medium for communication. But it lacks cues like facial expression, body language and tone of voice. So email cannot adequately convey or interpret emotion. That makes it difficult for the recipients to decode meaning well. Since email lacks the ability to develop personal rapport, it makes relationships fragile in the face of conflict.

Email senders overestimate their ability to communicate feelings and email recipients overestimate their ability to correctly decode those feelings! One reason is that people are egocentric. They assume others experience the same way they do. To avoid miscommunication, emailers need to look at what they write from the recipient’s perspective. Read the email aloud in the opposite way you intend, whether serious or sarcastic. If the email makes sense either way, revise it.

Don’t rely heavily on email. Emails can be ambiguous. So criticism, subtle intentions and emotions are better carried over the phone. People are much less likely to prejudge after communicating by phone than they are after receiving an email.

Email tends to be short and to the point. Also quick replies and quick decisions are very welcomed by senior management. So people tend to reply or forward quickly without thinking the implications of the decision they just made. Sometimes the email may get in to the hands of someone who should not be seeing it at all. This happens because the feeling of urgency is getting attached to the emails and not having time to read it completely.

Written below are some of the general email etiquette I suggest in professional communication.

1. To avoid miscommunication, emailers need to look at what they write from the recipient’s perspective. Read the email aloud in the opposite way you intend, whether serious or sarcastic. If the email makes sense either way, revise it.
2. When writing new emails, do not type the TO or CC addresses at first. Enter the subject, write and review the email content, attach any document that is referred in the email and only when you are ready to send the email, type the TO and CC addresses. When writing serious and sensitive replies to emails by clicking Reply or Reply All buttons, it is better to delete the TO and CC email addresses. Add it later when you are ready to send it. This avoids accidentally clicking the send button or using shortcut keys for sending the email. For example, in Microsoft Outlook, CTRl+S saves the email as draft while ALT+S sends the email. Both CTRL and ALT are very near in most of the keyboards!
3. Subject or title of the email is mandatory. The subject should clearly indicate the purpose of the email. Use 50-60 characters for the subject. Senior executives and busy business men see the subject first and accordingly decide to open the email. For example, ‘Marketing Analytics Application Migration Plan’ is a better subject than ‘Plan’.
4. Write a salutation (like Hi, Hello) for each new subject email. However, if you exchange several emails over the same topic, it is not necessary to include a salutation because it is as though you are carrying on a conversation. When we carry on conversations, we do not say hello each time we speak.
5. Do not use BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) option for officially copying someone in the email, use CC (Carbon Copy) option instead.
6. Sometimes people use BCC option to let someone else know without the recipient’s knowledge that you are writing this specific email. I would not recommend this. One reason being the BCC’ed person can actually reply to the email, while the initial recipient was not aware of this. This will create problems in relationships. I prefer sending the email to the recipient and then forwarding to whomever I want to let know about this, with a FYI (for your information) note.
7. If you need to send an invitation or similar emails to a group, and do not want the recipients to know each other, use BCC option.
8. Do not use BCC option just to avoid unwanted Reply All option. In case you are sending to many people and would like to avoid Reply All, write clearly in the beginning of the email to avoid Reply All and send directly to you.
9. Carefully select who should be in the TO and CC fields. if you need someone to take an action on this email, that person should be in the TO field. Others who are just kept in the loop should be in the CC. When replying to everyone, make necessary changes to the TO and CC accordingly.
10. Avoid chat language like Neways, b4, kewl, tc, etc. in business emails. Do not use sentences like I dunno wat 2 do, 2Ht2Hndl (Too hot to handle)
11. Email client applications like Microsoft Outlook provides preview feature, which displays first a few characters of the email in the listing page (inbox). If the opening sentence can get the attention of the senior executive, he will immediately open it.
12. If you are sending status report of a project as attachment to senior management, and would like to highlight an important risk item or an achievement, briefly write about it in the email also. This attracts senior management’s attention in the email preview itself. Do not expect him to open your email, open the attachment, scroll down and see if there are any risks!
13. Write emails in the language understood by the recipient. The structure, words and size of the email have to be different when writing to an ordinary person, Senior Manager, Vice president or Chief Executive. Use simple words, do not make the recipient to use dictionary!
14. If you are forwarding a long chain email to a senior executive, do not expect him to go through the whole email trail bottom-to-top to understand the context. Instead, write a brief summary to set the context. If you are writing to a business man use his language, and when writing to a technical manager convey the same matter in his technical terms.
15. It is a good idea to have separate signature for New Emails and Replies. You can put your detailed signature in the new email you create. I have seen people writing even punch lines or quoting Bhagavad Gita, Bible or Khoran in their signatures. It is not professional communication. In email replies, you do not need to put your full signature.
16. Keep your signatures simple. Do not use very flashy, moving and colorful signatures. Do not use special symbol fonts in signature. For example, the telephone symbol, email symbol, etc. will not display correctly if the recipient does not have the font or if the email is viewed as text-only email.
17. Do not use fancy fonts in professional emails! Some fancy fonts are difficult to read or print. Also, the recipient need not have the same fancy font you sued for composing the email. Some of the standard fonts for business communication are Arial, Verdana, Book Antiqua, Tahoma and Courier New. Use only one font in an email. It is ok to use a different but blending font for signatures.
18. You need not intend the salutation, paragraphs and signing off with spaces or tabs. Start all of them in the first column itself.
19. Avoid using third party provided emoticons like hotbar.com in official emails. if necessary, use text based emoticons like to indicate humour or for sad.
20. If you are using any abbreviations, make sure that the recipient also understand the same. For example, ASAP (as early as possible) may be a commonly used and understood abbreviation, but AWOD (AWay On Duty) is not used across organizations. Sometimes, the same abbreviation has conflicting meanings! For example, one of my friend sent me a reply, WC. I thought that she mentioned Will Check, but actually it was Who Cares!
21. Write one email per theme. Do not include various unrelated topics in the same email even if you are sending it to the same group. Stay focused.
22. Set the context of the email first and keep the flow between paragraphs. Do not juggle between different topics and confuse the recipient.
23. Write one paragraph for each point. This makes reading, understanding and replying to the email very easy. Recipients tend to miss or ignore some points if the email is cluttered.
24. Regards, Thanks and Thanks & Regards are the commonly used for closing of professional emails. Best Regards and Warm Regards are also used. I have seen usage of Cheers as closing tag. Cheers is ok to use within your own team. But make sure that you do not use the default cheers closing when signing off a sad message!
25. When writing emails to international recipients, be considerate and avoid misinterpretation of dates by listing dates including the spelled out month like 27-Jan-1998 or 27 January 1997. Also when scheduling meetings, use the exact time zone also, like 27 May 2006 10:00AM IST, to avoid further confusion.
26. Never assume your e-mail messages are private nor that they can be read by only yourself or the recipient.
27. Use capitalization and punctuation in the same way that you would in any other document.
28. Do not use CAPITALS. Capital letters in emails indicate shouting at someone! Use initial capital for the subject.
29. Do not over-use jargons to show your knowledge!
30. Use active sentences instead of passive.
31. When sending attachments, make sure the recipient also is aware of which application or version to use. For example, if you are sending a Visio 2003 document and the recipient may have only Visio 2000 version, it may be difficult to open it.
32. Use HTML or Rich Text formatting for business email, if you are sure that the recipient’s email software supports it. All of the latest email software and web emails like Gmail, Yahoo and Hotmail support these formats. You can also use other formatting options such as bold, italics and underline in the email. Email clients like Microsoft Outlook uses MIME Multipart/Related Content-type to encapsulate both HTML and Text versions of the email content and displays according to the recipient’s settings.
33. If you have images as part of the email, configure your email client to send the image also in the email (not just the URL of the image). Some of the business users may not have Internet connectivity to automatically download the image from the URL.
34. When replying, answer all questions and preempt further questions. There is a tendency of skipping some of the points and answering only your confident points!
35. Check grammar and spelling before sending using the feature provided in the email clients.
36. Do not overuse the high priority and privacy options of email. Use low priority for your general forwards and jokes. Oops, you are not supposed to use official email infrastructure for jokes and forwards!
37. Do not overuse Reply All option. Think twice before sending an email to all. Do all of the recipients care about your reply or should they be aware of your reply? If not, do not send to everyone.
38. Do not make the default option as request delivery receipt and read receipt. First, if the email is not delivered, you will anyway receive a notification from the SMTP server, so delivery receipt does not do any better. Second, even when the email is previewed or just displayed in the recepient’s screen, the read receipt is sent. That is, read receipt does not guarantee that the email is read by the recipient. Also, not all email servers support this feature. After all, email client software like Microsoft Outlook have options to not to send any delivery receipt or read receipt even if it is requested by the sender!
39. There is a trend to avoid repeatedly using the pronoun I as it indicates self-centric or egoistic personality. But this trend ends up in not using I and using passive sentences which makes it difficult to understand the email. For example, one of my managers often write like Have reviewed the document or Having reviewed the document,…. I think, he could simply say I reviewed the document. I don’t see any need for using past participle form of the verb where the simple past form of the verb would simply says it all!
40. Sometimes, you may need to acknowledge an email, just by writing great!, cool!, ok, approved, etc.. Everyone likes to be acknowledged that the email is read, after all. Just because you want to motivate your subordinates, do not over use great!, cool!, wonderful, etc. for doing a very simple job which they have been doing for years! This might indicate a sarcastic meaning too. Just an ok or thanks will suffice in such a scenario.

This summarizes my thoughts for the day! Do feel free to add your tips as comments on this entry.

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